I quickly learned that a simple compound lens composed of a sandwich of two types of glass with opposing dispersive (prismatic colour-making) qualities only goes a limited way to cancelling out this annoying inherent defect of refractors. Thus I had my introduction to the bane of simple lens-based instruments: chromatic aberration. While I was immensely proud of my four-inch, f/5 refractor, its images of the Moon and bright planets were surrounded by a vivid purple halo. I built my first telescope out of a 100mm diameter, two-element government surplus lens of 500mm focal length in the early 1970s. Given this finding, she added, “policymakers could be looking for additional ways to reach and help this group.For casual terrestrial observations and quick looks at the Moon the TS PhotoLine 60mm, f/6 is quite at home on a sturdy photo tripod such as the author’s Manfrotto 055 shown here. However, since most safety net programs target specific groups, such as families with children, it makes sense that single adult participants would be relatively worse off: “CalFresh is one of the few safety net programs that single adults can be eligible for,” she said. Thorman also noted that the finding that single, childless adults enrolled in CalFresh are more likely to experience income instability and are less connected to the labor market than other participants is initially surprising in light of broader labor market trends. “One of the takeaways from this is that it needs to be possible for people to keep their jobs and be able to get and keep CalFresh benefits.” For example, “it can be surprising to learn that so many CalFresh participants are working,” she said. Thorman stressed that the goal of recent PPIC research on income and job instability is to provide a context for CalFresh policymaking. was in part prompted by shutdowns that made it difficult to do that kind of paperwork.” However, a longer-term effort to simplify income reporting could reduce the number of still-eligible participants who drop out. “For example,” she added, “the paperwork pause that may have helped people keep their benefits. Danielson noted that many of these policy innovations were driven by the nature of the COVID-19 crisis. For example, income reporting requirements were paused, work requirements were suspended, and eligibility rules for college students were eased. Several policies were altered to facilitate access during the pandemic. “It’s a targeted means of reaching low-income individuals who are sharply affected by recessions,” she said, “and it also supports aggregate demand.” Moreover, many apparently still-eligible participants exit CalFresh at the six-month income reporting mark.ĭanielson noted that CalFresh is a key counter-recessionary tool. “About half have at least a period in the year before they join CalFresh during which they have no income from the sources we tracked,” said Danielson. Research has shown that many Californians do not access CalFresh immediately after they become eligible. “We could know more about the share of Californians who are essentially never accessing the program even though they are eligible versus the share of Californians who are intermittently accessing it,” she added. About 6.5 million Californians are eligible to receive benefits, and while enrollment has increased in recent years, it remains in the bottom third across US states. As Danielson noted, CalFresh could have an even larger reach.
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